HEL, IVAN ANDRIIOVYCH (b. July 17, 1937, in the village of Klitsko, Horodok raion, Lviv oblast – d. March 16, 2011, in the city of Lviv)
Human rights activist, publicist, organizer of samvydav, an active participant in the national liberation and religious movement in Ukraine, and a prominent public and political figure.
His father was a volunteer rifleman in the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) and a participant in the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918–1919. Later, from 1920 to 1930, he was the head of the “Vidrodzhennia” (Renaissance) and “Prosvita” (Enlightenment) societies in his village. He collaborated closely with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), serving as a local leader and a courier for the District Command of the Security Service (SB). In 1949, with the start of collectivization in Western Ukraine, he was appointed chairman of the collective farm. For his active collaboration with the OUN and Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) underground, his father was arrested in August 1950 and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor.
His mother came from an old Ukrainian intellectual family with long and deep traditions of participation in the public life of Galicia and the national liberation struggle. Mykhailo Tershakovets was a prominent 20th-century literary scholar who died in the USA; Hryhoriy Tershakovets was a deputy to the Galician Diet and later to the Polish Sejm from 1928–1939, and the first prisoner of the Bolshevik regime. He was arrested on September 25, 1939, and sent in a convoy to Kolyma on October 3. He was arrested a second time at the end of October 1948. In total, he served 16 years of imprisonment. Father Oleksandr Tershakovets was a professor at the theological seminary in Peremyshl. Zynoviy Tershakovets was the Regional Leader of the OUN and commander of the “Buh” military district; he died in battle during an MGB special operation on November 4, 1948, at the age of only 35. His mother's sisters, Ahneta and Damiana, were nuns of the Order of Saint Basil the Great (OSBM) in the catacomb Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church (UGCC).
Ivan had his first physical confrontation with the occupiers at the age of 13: at the moment of his father’s arrest, the enforcers were beating his mother. Ivan rushed to defend his mother and struck a raider on the head with a thick cudgel. Then the raiders, shouting “You little viper!” knocked Ivan to the ground with a kick to the chest and began kicking him with their boots, while his mother covered the boy with herself, protecting her son with her body. His father also tried to rush to help, but he was tied tightly to a cart, his hands bound behind him.
His first conscious act of civil disobedience was his demonstrative and public refusal to join the Komsomol. For this, as well as for attempting to incite senior-class students, he was expelled from the tenth grade of the Komarno secondary school in November 1952, while Stalin was still alive. Working as a loader at a bakery, he finished the tenth grade of an evening school in the city of Sambir. In 1954, he submitted his documents to Lviv University, but on the day of the first exam, the executive secretary of the commission ordered him to take his documents back, explaining the demand by saying that “there is no place in Soviet universities for the spawn of Banderites.” From September 1954 to 1956, he worked as a mechanic at the Lviv Forklift Plant.
From 1956–59, he served in the army. After demobilization, he tried to enter the Faculty of Law at Lviv University. However, that path was closed to him. In 1960, he applied for full-time studies at the Faculty of History. However, he was not admitted because he lacked a recommendation from the raion Komsomol committee. Yet, by the will of Rector Yevhen Lazarenko, he was enrolled *post factum* in the correspondence division of the history faculty with the right to transfer to any department of any faculty after passing the first session or the first year’s exams with excellent grades. Rector Lazarenko had accidentally learned that Hel was “under the watchful eye” of the KGB and consciously took such a brave and noble step. Therefore, I. Hel owes his higher education to the rector, who was soon dismissed on the orders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine for Ukrainian nationalism. Simultaneously with his studies, I. Hel worked as a foreman of a group of mechanics in the machine-building shop of the Lviv Electro-Vacuum Plant. At the same time, he began his public activities: tidying and restoring the graves of the Sich Riflemen and soldiers of the UHA at the Lychakiv and Yaniv cemeteries, organizing commemorations of their memory on November 1—All Saints' Day—and on the Green Holidays. Members of the group Maryan Hatala, Mykhailo Cheryba, and Omelyan Ilchyshyn were involved in this work.
In 1961, the anniversaries of Markiyan Shashkevych—the 150th anniversary of his birth—and Taras Shevchenko—the 100th anniversary of his death—were widely celebrated. Short biographies of the poets, calling them apostles of freedom, were distributed among students and working youth, as were the poems “The Ransacked Grave,” “The Great Vault,” and “To the Dead, to the Living.” And during a trip of one hundred young Lviv residents to Shevchenko's places, Hel, along with his friend O. Ilchyshyn, laid a wreath of thorns at the foot of the monument in Kaniv at night.
In the early 1960s, Ivan Hel met Mykhailo Horyn. Feeling a mutual trust, they became close, formulating a common program of action, the essence of which was to “continue the struggle for Ukrainian statehood.” While trying to create an underground organization, Hel became convinced that he himself was not a professional in this matter and that the members of his group were not capable of becoming functionaries of an underground structure. Therefore, he gravitated toward an “organization without an organization” and an open form of struggle, but at the same time, toward strict conspiracy in the production of samvydav materials.
The early 1960s was a time of constant visits to Lviv by I. Svitlychny, I. Dziuba, I. Drach, V. Symonenko, M. Vinhranovsky, and their meetings with students and youth at the university, in the Club of Creative Youth, and so on. Their speeches and poetry readings were of a cultural nature, yet they inspired young people to engage in open opposition against the regime.
It was from this time that Hel began to actively organize the reprinting of poetry by V. Symonenko, L. Kostenko, and M. Vinhranovsky, as well as the journalistic works of I. Franko, “What is Progress?” and “Beyond the Limits of the Possible”; books that came from the West—*The Deduction of Ukraine's Rights*, Myroslav Prokop's *Ukraine and Moscow's Ukrainian Policy*; the articles “The State and Tasks of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement” by Yevhen Proniuk, “Regarding the Trial of Pohruzhalsky,” and others. He distributed the printed samvydav through Lyubomyra Popadiuk and P. Protsyk at the university. Myroslava Menkush and Myroslava Zvarychevska retyped the samvydav.
Having moved to his sixth year at the university, Hel found a job as a history teacher at a pedagogical college. But he did not deliver a single lecture—a week before the start of the academic year, on August 24, 1965, he was arrested along with a large group of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. In March 1966, in a closed trial under Part 1 of Article 62 and Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR, he was sentenced to 3 years in strict-regime camps for the production and distribution of Ukrainian samvydav and for organizational activities.
From 1966–1968, he served his sentence in the Mordovian camp No. 11, which housed about two thousand political prisoners. There, he met many participants in the liberation struggles of different peoples and generations: Lithuanians, Estonians, Georgians, Armenians, Latvians, and Jews. However, in every camp, Ukrainians were always the most numerous. They made up 50–60% of the camp population and were the organizers and leaders of the Political Prisoners' Resistance Movement. Hel organized the systematic leakage of materials from the camp, in particular, V. Moroz’s *A Report from the Beria Reserve*, O. Zalyvakha’s bookplates, and his own statements and letters. In 1967, he twice appealed to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet with statements demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, as well as the repeal of Article 62 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR. For organizing and personally participating in systematic protests in various forms—group hunger strikes, strikes, and transmitting information outside the camp—he received 65 days in a punishment cell and three separate sentences of 3 months in solitary confinement.
After serving his first term of imprisonment, the KGB forbade Hel from registering his residence in Lviv. He was registered at the so-called 101st kilometer and lived in the city of Sambir, where he was informed that he had been placed “under administrative supervision.”
In the interval between his first imprisonment and second arrest, he organized the production of samvydav literature on three typewriters. None of them were ever discovered by the KGB (one is now kept in a museum). He printed and distributed 11 books, including V. Moroz’s *Among the Snows*, which included all his journalism and poetry, for which he, as the compiler, wrote the foreword, “Totalitarianism, the Ukrainian Renaissance, and V. Moroz”; I. Dziuba’s work *Internationalism or Russification?*; M. Horyn's book *Letters from Behind Bars*, which also included a foreword by Hel; a collection of poetry by Z. Krasivskyi, *Slave's Laments*; M. Kholodnyi’s *Cry from the Grave*; all 5 issues of the *Ukrainian Herald*; the books *The Deduction of Ukraine's Rights* and M. Prokop's *Ukraine and Moscow's Ukrainian Policy*, and many articles.
On December 7, 1970, he spoke sharply, condemning the regime, at the funeral of his murdered associate Alla Horska. In connection with this, the KGB blackmailed Hel’s superiors at his workplace for “condoning a nationalist” and threatened his imminent arrest, so the management issued a severe reprimand for “absenteeism,” and the KGB issued an official warning.
On January 12, 1972, Ivan Hel was arrested. In August, under Part 2 of Article 62 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR, he was sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment in special-regime camps and 5 years of exile. He was declared an especially dangerous recidivist.
He served his term of imprisonment in special-regime camps in Mordovia (the village of Sosnovka) and in Perm oblast (the village of Kuchino, the “death camp”), and his exile in the Komi ASSR, Troitsko-Pechersky raion, the village of Mylva.
In the camps, Hel was an organizer and active participant in many group and individual protest actions aimed at defending the rights, honor, and dignity of political prisoners. In the spring of 1973, he was the first to declare a hunger strike, demanding the removal of criminals with 4–5 convictions—murderers, robbers, who made up 2/3 of the cell population and by their nature terrorized political prisoners by taking parts of their rations, warm underwear, etc.—from the special-regime camp. The hunger strike lasted 28 days. While he was still on strike, the first transport of 57 criminals was removed, and it became easier to breathe. Subsequently, all criminal offenders—over 120 people—were removed. He began his next hunger strike in March 1974, protesting the arbitrary confiscation of letters to relatives and demanding the legal formalization of his marriage to his de facto wife, Maria, the mother of their daughter Oksanka (b. 1964). The hunger strike lasted 24 days. The marriage was registered that same year in a Lviv prison, where Hel was brought “for prophylactic treatment,” that is, to elicit a repentance.
After receiving Hel’s defiant refusal, the KGB transferred him back to Sosnovka. In 1974, together with S. Karavansky (author of the preamble), he formulated and wrote a document consisting of 14 key demands titled “Statement on the Status of a Soviet Political Prisoner.” Hel gave this statement to E. Kuznetsov for transmission via Barashevo (the camp hospital) to the strict-regime zones, as well as to Moscow.
On May 23, 1976, Hel began a hunger strike, demanding the status of a political prisoner. The hunger strike lasted 100 days. In total, Hel held hunger strikes for over 300 days.
Ivan Hel is the author of the book *Facets of Culture*. Written in a solitary confinement cell in the winter of 1976, it was distributed in samvydav, illegally smuggled abroad, and first published under the pseudonym Stepan Hoverlia in London in 1984 by the Ukrainian Publishing Union—a diaspora publishing house. *Facets of Culture* received high praise from the Ukrainian community and, in 1985, the book won the award of the Ivan Franko Literary Fund in Chicago (the Antonovych Foundation). That same year, the book was translated into English and reissued in London. In Ukraine, the book *Facets of Culture* was published for the third time in Lviv in 1993, this time under the author's real name. The work is written from a nationalist perspective. In it, the author provides a deep analysis of the situation of the Ukrainian nation and culture under Russian occupation. Hel’s publicistic works also won the “Lvivska Slava” (Lviv Glory) award in 2001.
On January 17, 1987, I. Hel returned to Ukraine, having served his sentence “from bell to bell.” The so-called perestroika was underway, yet Hel was forbidden to live in his own apartment in Lviv. Registered in his native village, he worked as a shepherd on a collective farm. On July 17, 1987, during the celebration of his 50th birthday, he agreed with V. Chornovil and M. Horyn to revive the journal *Ukrainian Herald*, and they divided the responsibilities: V. Chornovil—executive editor, M. Horyn—his deputy, I. Hel—executive secretary.
He proposed the idea of the UGCC emerging from the underground. He was one of the organizers of collecting signatures and himself wrote the document, made public on August 4, 1987, about the emergence of a portion of the clergy and faithful of the UGCC from the catacombs. In October of the same year, he formed and headed the Committee for the Defense of the UGCC. He authored the programmatic work “The UGCC: Catacombs or an Alternative?,” which demanded the rehabilitation of the Church and the restitution of its property. He organized the publication and edited the journal *Christian Voice*.
Thus, from mid-1987, he led an active and resonant public life. Together with V. Chornovil and M. Horyn, he was the organizer of all protest actions in Lviv and Galicia, as well as in Kyiv: for organizing a large religious service near the monument to St. Volodymyr, he served an administrative arrest along with Fr. M. Havryliv. He received another 15 days in Lviv for similar activities.
He was an active founding member of the Lviv and All-Ukrainian “Memorial” Society, a founding member of the People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh), as well as a member of the Regional and Grand Councils of Rukh, a delegate to the first four congresses, and co-chairman, along with Ye. Sverstiuk, of the Rukh Commission on Spiritual and National Revival.
Ivan Hel was the organizer of a series of multi-thousand-strong religious services that became political rallies after their conclusion: February 26, 1988—a memorial service for T. Shevchenko; April 16, 1988—a memorial service for the victims of Chornobyl, both with over 30,000 participants, near the monument to I. Fedorov in Lviv; May 2, 1988—in Drohobych, over 20,000; May 23—in Stryi, over 35,000; in Hrushev on July 10, 1988—15,000; in Sprynia, where the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (UHVR) was created—10,000; on July 17, 1988 in Sambir—15,000, and on the same day in Shchyrets—7,000. In 1989 in Zarvanytsia—15,000; on August 6 on White Mountain near the monument to M. Shashkevych, 60,000 people gathered for a service and a public meeting, where for the first time with such a mass of participants the anthem “Shche ne vmerla Ukraina” was performed. On September 17, on the 50th anniversary of the occupation of Galicia by the Bolshevik horde, Hel organized a religious service and a procession from the party's regional committee building on V. Vynnychenka Street to St. George's Cathedral. 38 priests of the UGCC and over 300,000 demonstrators took part in the service and procession. “There has never been anything like this in the history of Lviv,” said academician Ya. Isaievych. On October 1, 1989, together with Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk, he organized a service and a procession to Demianiv Laz in Ivano-Frankivsk with over 50,000 participants. And on October 15, he held a similar action in Ternopil with the participation of 70,000 people.
On November 26, 1989, on the eve of M. Gorbachev's visit to Italy, he again led a demonstration in Lviv of over 200,000 protesters. All the actions had both a religious and an overtly political character. The participants demanded not only the legalization of the UGCC but also the restoration of Ukrainian statehood. He planned, organized, and supervised a chain hunger strike on the Arbat in Moscow. The hunger strikers, numbering from 80 to 170 people, changed weekly. The grand hunger strike lasted from mid-May to mid-October, that is, 185 days. About 2,500 people took part in it.
Another large-scale action organized by Hel was the collection of signatures for the legalization of the UGCC. The goal of the action was to help people overcome the total fear that paralyzed their public engagement, as well as to show the world how many UGCC faithful had already emerged from the underground. Over 120,000 signatures were collected, a part of which was handed over to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and a part to the Pope, as the Presidium's secretariat did not provide a document of receipt and immediately sent the signatures to the archive. There was also suspicion that the signatures were being destroyed.
In 1990–94, he was the first deputy chairman of the Lviv Oblast Council of People's Deputies, and also, until December 2002, chairman of the commission for the restoration of the rights of the rehabilitated.
He took an active part in many international conferences, congresses, and “round tables.” For example, he was the informal head of the Ukrainian delegation at the German Catholic congress (Katholikentag) in the summer of 1990 in Berlin, where he delivered one of the main reports from Ukraine and had a discussion with Labor Minister Blüm (translator Anna-Halya Horbach). The report was published in the congress proceedings in German.
In July 1990, he had an audience with Pope John Paul II. He was awarded a high Papal medal. In October of the same year, together with Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk, he headed a delegation that was invited to an international conference on the problems of freedom of conscience in England. He took an active part in the discussions and “Round Tables” of the conference.
He was personally invited by the organizers to participate in an international conference in Prague in 1991, which was held under the provisional title “Nuremberg-2” on the crimes against humanity of communist totalitarian regimes, at which President Václav Havel spoke. From Ukraine, the floor was given to I. Hel for a speech. The conference participants were shocked by the scale of the crimes of the Russian occupying communist-Nazi regime against the Ukrainian people: the Holodomor, the deportation of peasants, the extermination of the intelligentsia, mass deportations of Galicians before and after the war, the terror of operational gangs, the famine of 1946–47—such was the theme of the speech. Dozens of remarks and questions came from the audience: how could this have happened, why, was there resistance? And so on. Throughout the day, the participants' attention was riveted on Ukraine. In the same year, 1991, I. Hel, along with L. Lukianenko, B. Kotyk, and S. Plachynda, was invited to Brussels, where they had meetings with the leaders of the leading parties, were received by the speaker of the parliament, and also at NATO headquarters. At that time, I. Hel, together with Fr. I. Datsko, met with the president of the “Christian International,” Mr. Ley, and held negotiations on the creation of a democratic Christian union and its entry into the “Christian International.”
During the GKChP (State Committee on the State of Emergency) on August 19, 1991, I. Hel played a key role in mobilizing the authorities and the public in organizing resistance to the putschists in the Lviv region. He was one of the co-authors of the famous Statement of the Lviv Oblast Council. He read it on television. The statement defined the GKChP as an illegal conspiracy of putschists who aimed to carry out a coup d'état and sharply condemned this clique.
Immediately after the 1991 referendum, on December 6–8 in Strasbourg, an international conference “Europe—Our Common Home,” organized by Otto von Habsburg, a member of the European Parliament and grandson of the Austrian emperor, took place. An official state delegation from Ukraine did not arrive. The public delegation was headed by I. Hel. It included Bishop Hrynchyshyn and Father Kohut. When the chairman announced the presence of Ukrainians in the hall, the conference participants gave a standing ovation to the delegation of the nation, 92% of which had voted for state independence. In his speech, I. Hel said that Ukraine, since the time of Queen Anne—the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise—had been a member of the European community of nations, and having restored its statehood, should become a member of NATO and the EU as soon as possible. After all, it possessed the world's third-largest nuclear potential and should preserve it for the defense of Europe and its own security. French journalists, unfortunately, regarded these theses as attempts to blackmail and pressure Europe.
In 1995, on the initiative of I. Hel, the Lviv Oblast Council, with Resolution No. 65, recognized the UPA as a belligerent party in the Second World War, and UPA soldiers and participants in the national liberation struggle as combatants, which gave tens of thousands of people the right to increased pensions, free use of communal services, and improved medical care. A large hospital for war veterans was officially allocated for political prisoners and the repressed. Later, this resolution was adopted as a basis by the Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Volyn, and Rivne oblast councils.
Since 1990, I. Hel was the permanent chairman of the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Fund for Spiritual Revival—an authoritative public organization in Galicia; a member of the Presidium of the “Ukraine-World” Society; a member of the oblast commissions for the restoration of the rights of the rehabilitated and the Commission for commemorating the memory of fighters for the freedom of Ukraine; a member of the Supervisory Board of the memorial complex “Lontsky Street Prison Museum”; a member of the Presidium of the Lviv regional organization “Ukrainian People's Council.”
For his book *Facets of Culture*, he became a laureate of the Ivan Franko Literary Fund in Chicago (Antonovych Foundation) for 1985, and for a series of problematic journalistic works, a laureate of the “Lvivska Slava” (Lviv Glory) award in 2002.
He holds state awards: in January 2001, for the Day of the Unification Act, he was awarded the Order of Yaroslav the Wise, V Class, and for Independence Day 2006—the Order of Yaroslav the Wise, IV Class; in September 2009, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the triumphant emergence of the UGCC from the underground, President Viktor Yushchenko awarded him the Order of Freedom.
Bibliography:
(Far from complete—total publications number around 100).
“Totalitarianism, the Ukrainian Renaissance, and Valentyn Moroz.” Foreword. In *Sered snihiv* (Among the Snows). Samvydav. 1970. Also published in Ivan Hel, *Hrani kultury* (Facets of Culture). Lviv: Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, 1993, pp. 157–168.
“A Memory of Vasyl Stus.” In *Ukrainskyi visnyk* (Ukrainian Herald), No. 7, 1987. Also published in *Ukrainian Herald. A Public Literary-Artistic and Socio-Political Journal*. Issues 7, 8, 9-10. August, September, October-November 1987. Kyiv-Lviv. Reprint of the samvydav journal from Ukraine. Toronto-Baltimore: Smoloskyp Ukrainian Publishing House named after V. Symonenko, 1988, pp. 47–49.
Stepan Hoverlia. *Hrani kultury* (Facets of Culture). From the series “Political Lectures for Ukrainian Youth.” Introductory word by Bohdan Strelbytsky. Artistic design by Rostyslav Hluvko. London: Ukrainian Publishing Union, 1984, 184 pp.
“A Memory of Vasyl Stus.” In *Ukrainskyi visnyk* (Ukrainian Herald), No. 7, 1987. Also published in *Ukrainian Herald. A Public Literary-Artistic and Socio-Political Journal*. Issues 7, 8, 9-10. August, September, October-November 1987. Kyiv-Lviv. Reprint of the samvydav journal from Ukraine. Toronto-Baltimore: Smoloskyp Ukrainian Publishing House named after V. Symonenko, 1988, pp. 47–49.
I. Hel et al. “The Ukrainian Catholic Church: Catacombs and an Alternative.” In the journal *Khrystyianskyi holos* (Christian Voice), No. 1, 1988. Also published in *Hrani kultury*, Lviv, 1993, pp. 192–197. Also published in *Khrystyianskyi holos. A Collection of Samvydav Artifacts of the Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church* / Reprint editors Vasyl Horyn, Mykola Dubas, Halyna Teodorovych. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2009, pp. 91–97.
By Stepan Hoveria. *The Facets of Culture*. London, 1988, 168 pp.
Ivan Hel. “Lemberg. Die Ukraine und das gemeinsame europaische Haus.” *Wie im Himmel so auf erden*. 90. Deutscher Katholikentag vom 23 bis 27. Mai 1990. Dokumentation Teil I. pp. 285–290. Bonifatius Druck. Buah-Verlag Paderborn, 1991.
Ivan Hel. “The Spirituality of Ukraine and the Common European Home” [1990]. In *Hrani kultury*, Lviv, 1993, pp. 209–216.
“I Wish for Peace, Concord, and Mutual Love.” In *Za vilnu Ukrainu* (For a Free Ukraine), January 1991. Also published in *Hrani kultury*. Lviv: Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, 1993, pp. 198–205.
Ivan Hel (Stepan Hoverlia). *Hrani kultury* (Facets of Culture). Lviv: Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, 1993, 216 pp.
“The Ukrainian National Revival of the 1980s – early 1990s.” In *Hrani kultury*. Lviv: Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, 1993, pp. 169–191.
“Polemics; So Which Faith Did the Grand Prince of Ukraine, Volodymyr, Accept?” In *Khrystyianskyi holos* (Christian Voice), No. 2, 1988. Also published in *Khrystyianskyi holos. A Collection of Samvydav Artifacts of the Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church*. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2009, pp. 212–217.
“Regarding the Publication of the Next Two Articles.” In *Khrystyianskyi holos* (Christian Voice), No. 3, 1988. Also published in *Khrystyianskyi holos. A Collection of Samvydav Artifacts of the Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church*. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2009, pp. 336–339.
“Foreword, or Associations Evoked by V. Barladianu's Article ‘The Millennium on the Eve of the Millennium.’” In *Khrystyianskyi holos* (Christian Voice), No. 4, p. 23. Also published in *Khrystyianskyi holos. A Collection of Samvydav Artifacts of the Committee for the Defense of the UGCC*. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2009, pp. 480–489.
“General Janus. The Predicted Fiasco of Yevhen Marchuk.” In *Ukraina moloda* (Young Ukraine), October 19, 1999.
KhPG Archive. Interviews given to B. Zakharov in 1999; to V. Kipiani and V. Ovsienko on June 25, August 18, and September 11, 2003. https://museum.khpg.org/1348418185
“Pantheon.” In *Postup* newspaper, August 2000.
“Who Is Judging Whom?” In *Svoboda* weekly newspaper. New York, USA, April 27, 2001.
“Days of National Shame.” In *Ukraina moloda* (Young Ukraine), February 22, 2003.
“History of the Villages of Klitsko and Yakymchytsi. A Brief Sketch.” Lviv: Kameniar, 2003, 157 pp., 28 leaves of illustrations.
“The Civic Chords of Maria Krushelnytska.” In *Za vilnu Ukrainu plius* (For a Free Ukraine Plus), December 30, 2004; January 6, 2005.
“The Tershakovets Family: Scholar, Politician, Devotee of the National Idea.” Head of the Organizing Committee of the scholarly-practical conference, responsible editor of conference materials, moderator, and author of the introductory remarks—Ivan Hel. Lviv, 2005, 108 pp., 24 pp. of illustrations.
“A Quartet of Impostors.” In *Ukraina moloda* (Young Ukraine), No. 204 (3478), October 30, 2008.
“A Movement Used: An Open Letter to Borys Tarasiuk and Co.” In *Ukraina moloda* (Young Ukraine), March 3, 2009.
“Ukraine Has Been Overrun by Political Prostitutes.” In *Ukraina moloda* (Young Ukraine), No. 194 (3959), October 19, 2010. Also published in *Den* (The Day), October 19, 2010: http://www.bezbrehni.com/article/gel_politychni_poviyi/
2.
*Khronika tekushchikh sobytiy* (Chronicle of Current Events). Amsterdam: Herzen Foundation, 1973, issues 16-27, pp. 123, 354; 473.
*KTS*. New York: Khronika, 1974, issues 28-31, pp. 23, 24; issue 33, pp. 11-12; 1976, issue 39, pp. 30, 68; issue 42, p. 35; 1977, issue 44, pp. 44, 53-54; issue 47, p. 98; 1978, issue 49, pp. 24-25; 1980, issue 54, p. 56.
*The Ukrainian Human Rights Movement. Documents and Materials of the UHG*. Toronto-Baltimore: Smoloskyp, 1978, pp. 84, 139, 327.
*Visnyk represii v Ukraini* (Herald of Repressions in Ukraine). Foreign Representation of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. Editor-compiler Nadiya Svitlychna. New York, 1980-1985. 1980: 1-20, 5-20, 8-19, 10-18; 1981: 1, 2, 3, 5; 1982: 1-22, 4-34, 5-40, 6-27, 9-11; 1984: 5-22; 1985: 5-23, 10-16.
L. Alekseeva. *Istoriia inakomysliia v SSSR* (The History of Dissent in the USSR). Vilnius-Moscow: Vest, 1992, pp. 20, 23, 25. (First ed. 1984).
H. Kasyanov. *Nezhodni: ukrainska intelihentsiia v rusi oporu 1960-1980-kh rokiv* (The Dissenters: Ukrainian Intelligentsia in the Resistance Movement of the 1960s-1980s). Kyiv: Lybid, 1995, pp. 23, 47, 51, 55, 86, 94, 122, 129.
Yuriy Zaitsev. “A Talent for Foresight.” In *Dzvin*, 1998, No. 2.
A. Rusnachenko. *Natsionalno-vyzvolnyi rukh v Ukraini* (The National Liberation Movement in Ukraine). Kyiv: O. Teliha Publishing House, 1998, pp. 12, 21, 42, 152, 154, 156, 165, 178, 186, 203, 215, 225, 263, 280, 291.
A. Rusnachenko. *Rozumom i sertsem. Ukrainska suspilno-politychna dumka 1940-1980-kh rokiv* (With Mind and Heart. Ukrainian Socio-Political Thought of the 1940s-1980s). Kyiv: KM Academia Publishing House, 1999, pp. 235-246.
Taras Batenko. *“Ya povstaiu, otzhe, ya isnuiu...”. Politychnyi portret Ivana Helia. (Narysy z istorii ukrainskoho rukhu oporu kintsia 1950-kh – pochatku 1990-kh rokiv)* (“I Rebel, Therefore I Exist...” A Political Portrait of Ivan Hel. [Essays on the History of the Ukrainian Resistance Movement of the late 1950s – early 1990s]). Lviv: NTSH, 1999, 224 pp.
KhPG Archive: Interviews given to B. Zakharov in 1999; to V. Kipiani and V. Ovsienko on June 25, August 18, and September 11, 2003.
Borys Zakharov. *Narys istorii dysydentskoho rukhu v Ukraini (1956 -1987)* (An Outline of the History of the Dissident Movement in Ukraine (1956-1987)) / Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group; Artist-designer B. Zakharov. Kharkiv: Folio, 2003, pp. 4, 16-17, 20-22, 24, 72-73, 80, 84-85, 87, 89, 97, 129-130.
Oleh Hryniv. “National Culture under a Totalitarian Regime.” In *Ukrainska natsiolohiia u 2-kh tomakh* (Ukrainian Natiology in 2 volumes). Lviv: Svit, 2004, Vol. I, pp. 159-166.
Mykhailo Horyn. *Lysty z-za grat* (Letters from Behind Bars) (Prepared for publication by I. Hel, O. Horyn, and V. Ovsienko. Foreword by I. Hel). Kharkiv: Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, Folio, 2005, 288 pp., photo illus.
*International Biographical Dictionary of Dissidents in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union*. Vol. 1. Ukraine. Part 1. Kharkiv: Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group; “Prava liudyny,” 2006, pp. 127–130. https://museum.khpg.org/1332094604
Bohdan Horyn. *Ne tilky pro sebe: Roman-kolazh: U 3 kn.* (Not Only About Myself: A Novel-Collage: In 3 vols.) Book Two (1965–1985). Kyiv: Univ. publishing house PULSARY, 2008, 648 pp. (About I. Hel: 13, 15, 18, 22, 54, 59, 70-76, 80-81, 97, 101, 106-107, 122, 124-127, 129-130, 137-139, 150-153, 208, 234, 237, 249, 253, 263, 290, 293, 308, 316, 464, 547, 580).
*Khrystyianskyi holos. Zbirnyk pamiatok samvydavu Komitetu Zakhystu Ukrainskoi Katolytskoi Tserkvy* (Christian Voice. A Collection of Samvydav Artifacts of the Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church) / Reprint editors Vasyl Horyn, Mykola Dubas, Halyna Teodorovych. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2009, 670 pp.
Bohdan Horyn. *Ne tilky pro sebe: dokum. roman-kolazh: U 3 kn.* (Not Only About Myself: A Documentary Novel-Collage: In 3 vols.) Book Three (1985–1990). Kyiv: Univ. publishing house PULSARY, 2010, 920 pp. (About I. Hel: 39, 44, 48, 96, 105, 182, 230, 253, 254, 256, 313-314, 336, 390-391, 442, 460, 502, 511, 531-532, 536, 589, 590, 604-605, 670, 674-675, 678-679, 681, 691, 709, 769, 850.
*Rukh oporu v Ukraini: 1960–1990. Entsyklopedychnyi dovidnyk* (Resistance Movement in Ukraine: 1960–1990. An Encyclopedic Guide) / Foreword by Osyp Zinkevych, Oles Obertas. Kyiv: Smoloskyp, 2010, pp. 132-134; 2nd ed. pp. 148-149.
Raisa Moroz. “The Odyssey of One Book.” In *Ukraina moloda*, No. 38 (4284), March 14, 2012: http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/2043/169/72783/
Raisa Moroz. “The Story of One Book. In Memory of Ivan Hel.” In *Istorychna Pravda*, March 16, 2012: http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/03/16/77065/
Levko Lukianenko. *Z chasiv nevoli. Knyha p’iata: Oderzhymi* (From Times of Captivity. Book Five: The Obsessed). Kyiv: Tampodek XXI, 2012, pp. 6, 184, 185, 188, 206, 209, 225-239, 244, 245, 249-260, 304, 319, 328, 392, 434, 436, 530; *Z chasiv nevoli. Knyha p’iata: Oderzhymi*. Kyiv: Tampodek XXI, 2012, same pages.
An evening in memory of Ivan Hel was held in Lviv with the participation of Svoboda members:
http://www.svoboda.org.ua/diyalnist/novyny/028557/
Borys Zakharov
Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Significantly supplemented by Ivan Hel in 2011. Bibliography compiled by Vasyl Ovsienko. Last read on August 4, 2016. Character count: 27,113.