For the 60th anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the Memorial Society and the Cogita Publishing House have prepared a publication about the participants in the protests against the entry of Soviet troops into Budapest and the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising.
Introductory Article
The suppression of the uprising in Hungary, which occurred just six months after the 20th Party Congress and the release of prisoners from the camps, elicited a certain negative reaction from Soviet society.
The list “The People of October 1956” includes those who, in one way or another, protested the suppression of this uprising.
The idea for the list arose by analogy with the list “People of August 1968,” which names those who protested the suppression of the Prague Spring. A few years ago, Gennady Kuzovkin began compiling such a list and published it on the Memorial website, but a consolidated list has not yet been made available.
On what sources is the current list based?
It is mainly based on the reference book of supervisory reviews by the USSR Prosecutor’s Office (58-10: Supervisory Cases of the USSR Prosecutor's Office on Anti-Soviet Agitation and Propaganda, March 1953 – 1991: An Annotated Catalog / Comp. O.V. Edelman. Moscow, 1999). This source provides us with knowledge primarily about regional protests—protests at the level of conversations and verbal abuse. Thanks to work with the registration cards of the Mordovian camps and Memorial’s electronic database “Victims of Political Terror in the USSR,” we have more information about these people.
In addition, materials from the Archive of the History of Dissent in the USSR of the International Memorial (F.155. Collection of Personal Files), which supplement existing data, memoirs, and the electronic encyclopedia of St. Petersburg, were used.
The social composition of the protesters was diverse—workers, intelligentsia (schoolteachers and journalists), and prisoners... Schoolboy Anatoly Latyshev and philosopher Erik Yudin. Eight out of 141 people were former prisoners of the Stalinist camps on political charges.
Almost all the protesters were men, with a significant number of young people—schoolchildren (11 people, including a large group of schoolchildren in Tbilisi), students, and youth (half of the list are people under the age of 35).
Among the regions where protests were most active, Leningrad can be singled out, where several youth groups operated, producing leaflets, as well as the Zakarpattia Oblast (due to its proximity to Hungary).
In total, protests were recorded in 11 republics and 43 regions.
The forms of protest were varied—leaflets, poems, journalistic articles (distributed in youth circles and what had not yet become samizdat), diary entries, private letters, and letters to Soviet state and party bodies (and, of course, to newspaper editorial offices).
Demonstrations (at least those known to researchers) were only single-person actions (Krasilnikov in Leningrad and Lazaryants in Yaroslavl). These were oppositional statements within the framework of official demonstrations (on November 7), and not, to use a modern term, single-person pickets.
The most common form of protest was oral statements. In conversations (as in written texts), people condemned the USSR’s interference in Hungary's internal affairs, considering what happened a revolution (not a counter-revolutionary rebellion) and the suppression of a workers' uprising.
The preliminary list, published a few years ago by my colleague Gennady Kuzovkin, included 244 people. The list below (compiled with the active participation of Tatyana Kosinova) contains 141 people. For comparison, the “People of August 1968” list contains 160 people.
The compiler decided not to include several cases of conviction for retelling Western radio broadcasts (including those about the events in Hungary), as well as numerous cases of prosecution for threats like “we need to hang communists like in Hungary” and for denouncing (often while intoxicated) the Soviet government (including its foreign policy).
On the other hand, it must be acknowledged that clearly separating protest from non-protest requires professional methodological discussion and, in some cases, the study of archival investigation files.
It should be noted that at the turn of the 1950s–1960s, the authorities softened their punitive policies. People sentenced in 1957 to 5 or 8 years in the camps for “loose talk” were released on parole in 1959–1960 or had their sentences reduced to time served. Some of them were already rehabilitated by the mid-1960s.
Work on researching the protests against the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising is not complete and will be continued. This list is incomplete; clarifications and additions can be sent to the compiler at [email protected] (A.A. Makarov).
Moscow, October 21, 2016
Makarov A.A. (staff member of the Archive of the History of Dissent in the USSR,
International Memorial, Moscow)
THE PEOPLE OF OCTOBER 1956
| Agalakov, Yury Semyonovich (b. 1937), resident of Kirov. Arrested in 1957. Accused (along with O.V. Ivanov and O.A. Chistyakov) of systematically listening to foreign radio stations and condemning the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Sentenced to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag, released on parole in 1959. Agamaliyev, A.-M. (b. 1925), prisoner (Penza Oblast). In July 1958, together with M.-S.-B.-G. Azimov, wrote a letter to Soviet official bodies, as well as to the U.S. Ambassador and the UN Secretary-General, criticizing Soviet policy, including the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. They were likely re-convicted. |
| Azimov, M.-S.-B.-G. (b. 1914), prisoner (Penza Oblast). In July 1958, together with A.-M. Agamaliyev, wrote a letter to Soviet official bodies, as well as to the U.S. Ambassador and the UN Secretary-General, criticizing Soviet policy, including the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. They were likely re-convicted. |
| Akinshchikov, Nikolai Maksimovich (b. 1926), engineer at the OKB of thermal equipment "Elektropech" (Dyatkovo, Moscow Oblast). In January 1957, in protest against Khrushchev's policy and the suppression of the uprising in Hungary, he tore up his party card and wrote a statement of resignation from the party and his job. Sentenced to 4 years in the camps. Served his term in Dubravlag. |
| Amirov, N. U. (b. 1918), assistant at the Turkmen Medical Institute (Ashgabat). Retold broadcasts from Western radio stations to acquaintances, condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Convicted in 1957. Rehabilitated in 1959. |
| Angel, Anatoly Vladimirovich (b. 1929), assistant engine driver (Volgograd). Believed that the USSR's interference in the affairs of other states, including Hungary, was wrong. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Atamanenko, Semyon Semyonovich (1907-?), metalworker (Leningrad). Wrote a leaflet on behalf of the Hungarian people and left it in a factory locker room: “Comrade workers! The Hungarian people call on you to follow our example. You call us a gypsy and nomadic people, but this people knows what freedom is and what violence is, we know what life is.” Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 4 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Babenko, Sergey Dmitrievich (1893-?), miner (Donetsk, Rostov Oblast). In March 1957, he dropped an anonymous letter into a ballot box: “Death to communism. Down with communist imperialism. Eternal glory to the workers of Hungary, who fell in the battles with the communist dictatorship [...] Shame on the Soviet troops [...] Long live freedom [...] democracy. World shame on the Central Committee of the CPSU, which has reached a dead end and ruined Russia to the ground in 40 years [...] Communists, renounce your ideals, give the people a life.” Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 8 years in the camps and 2 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, his term was reduced to 4 years, and he was released on parole in the same year. |
| Bauman, Ivan Efimovich (b. 1920), a prisoner of the Stalinist camps. Locksmith at a mine (Sakhalin Oblast). Scolded communists, approved of the actions of the Hungarian rebels. Arrested and convicted in 1957. In 1960, after a supplementary investigation, he was sentenced to 3 years in the camps. |
| Bendovsky, Gavril Danilovich (b. 1928), planer (Luhansk, Ukrainian SSR). In conversations in 1957, he was dissatisfied with Soviet life and politics, including saying that Soviet troops were killing workers in Hungary. Convicted in 1957 to 8 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Bernadsky, Sergey Viktorovich (1932-2002), philologist, schoolteacher in the village of Znamenka, Zhanasemeysky district, East Kazakhstan Oblast (Kazakh SSR). Arrested in 1957, sentenced to 5 years in the camps for protesting against the foreign policy of the USSR. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released early in 1960, rehabilitated. In 1970, a criminal case was initiated against him on political charges. |
| Betev, S. M. (b. 1929), journalist for “Sovetskaya Kirgiziya” (Kirghizia). Discussed the events in Hungary with his colleagues S.A. Martynov and A.N. Tretyakov. Convicted in 1957. Rehabilitated in 1959. |
| Blumentals, Harald Eduardovich (b. 1920), employee of the Latvian Railway (Riga). Approved of the Hungarian Uprising in conversations. Arrested in 1958 and sentenced to 4 years in the camps. Released on parole in 1961. |
| Bobykin, Arkady Ivanovich (b. 1930), student at an engine drivers' school (Perm). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested and sentenced in 1957 to 5 years in the camps. Rehabilitated in 1958. |
| Bogdanov-Arsenyev, Mikhail Anatolyevich (1911-?), worker (Odesa). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 6 years in the camps and 5 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, his sentence was reduced to 4 years, and he was released on parole in the same year. |
| Bogdanovsky, I. P. (b. 1926), planning engineer at a factory (Tashkent). Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Bondarenko, Vasily Ksenofontovich (1902-?), political prisoner (Dubravlag). Wrote and sent a poem to R.-A.I. Solotky titled “On the Hungarian Events of 1956.” Convicted in 1957. |
| Britik, A. P. (b. 1931), factory worker (Stavropol Krai). On May 1, 1957, he publicly approved of the actions of the Hungarian rebels. Arrested and convicted in 1957. |
| Burik, V. P. (b. 1918), head teacher of a secondary school (Orenburg Oblast). Condemned the entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1957. |
| Vail, Boris Borisovich (1939-2010), student at the Library Institute (St. Petersburg). Member of an underground youth circle. Protested against the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 6 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. After his release, he became a participant in the dissident movement and a political prisoner (1970-1975, exile in Tyumen Oblast). Emigrated to Denmark in 1977. |
| Vaynikonis, Kazimeras Petro (b. 1940), unskilled worker (Lithuania). Wrote a poem or story titled “Fight to the End,” dedicated to the resistance in Hungary. Arrested and sentenced to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1959. Vasilyev, Anatoly Glebovich (b. 1925), freight forwarder (Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast). Said that the Soviet troops in Hungary were occupation forces. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Vasilchenko, Nikolai Mikhailovich (b. 1930), locksmith (Zaporizhzhia Oblast). Condemned the entry of Soviet troops into Hungary and distributed leaflets calling for a fight against the communists. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 6 years. Released on parole in 1961. |
| Vaskovets, A. E. (b. 1938), docker at the port (Odesa). Along with N.M. Nevirkovets, discussed methods of struggle against Soviet power with workers (in connection with the events in Hungary) and wrote leaflets. Arrested and convicted in 1957. |
| Verblovskaya, Irena Savelievna (b. 1932), teacher (Leningrad); together with her husband R.I. Pimenov, she participated in the activities of opposition-minded youth circles in Leningrad. Protested against the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 5 years in the camps. Served her sentence in Siblag, Ozerlag, and Dubravlag. Lives in St. Petersburg as a retiree and memoirist. |
| Gavrilchenko, Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1932), engineer in a forestry enterprise (Zaporizhzhia Oblast). Condemned the USSR's interference in the affairs of Hungary and called for the creation of an independent Ukraine. Arrested in 1958. Sentenced to 8 years. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the sentence was reduced to 5 years. |
| Gagarin, Alexey Filippovich (b. 1923), war veteran, legal consultant for the Syzran Railway (Syzran, Samara Oblast). In the autumn of 1956, together with A.T. Serov, P.S. Shulpin, and D.G. Gorshkov, he created an underground group that distributed leaflets. Among other things, they wrote (but did not distribute) a leaflet about the events in Hungary. Arrested and sentenced in 1958 to 10 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1965, the term was reduced to 7 years. |
| Gamsakhurdia, Zviad Konstantinovich (1939-1993), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including M.I. Kostava, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. In 1976, he became one of the founders of the Georgian Helsinki Group. Arrested in 1977. After “repenting,” he was sentenced to exile and later pardoned. The first president of independent Georgia. Garanin, Leonty Yakovlevich (b. 1926), lecturer at the Higher School of the Trade Union Movement of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (Kurgan). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1958 and sentenced to 7 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1959, the sentence was reduced to 5 years. |
| Garder, Nikolai Ivanovich (b. 1931), engraver at a factory (Novosibirsk). Supported the actions of the rebels in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 4 years in the camps. |
| Golovanov, Andrey Grigoryevich (1904-?), pensioner (Moscow). Wrote and sent a letter to Voroshilov about the events in Hungary. Arrested in 1958 and sentenced to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1959. Gidoni, Alexander Grigoryevich (1936-1989), student of the History Department at Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). In 1956, he created the underground “Social-Progressive Union” and discussed the events in Hungary. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. While in confinement, he was again convicted for participating in a political strike. In 1960, he was released early from the camp. Emigrated to Canada (1975). Golikov, Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1935), 3rd-year student at the Pedagogical Institute (St. Petersburg). Member of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists.” In November 1956, the circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Pardoned in 1963. |
| Gorbik, Yury Ivanovich (b. 1932), student at the Medical Institute (Omsk). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary in conversations. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. After his release, he worked as a doctor in Minsk. |
| Gorman, Arkady Yakovlevich (b. 1923), war veteran, lawyer, associate professor at the All-Union Correspondence Law Institute (Moscow). Criticized the political system in the USSR, including the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Sentenced in 1957 to 8 years. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Rehabilitated in 1965. After his release, he worked as a legal consultant. Gorodnitsky, Alexander Moiseevich (b. 1933), poet, geophysicist (St. Petersburg, Moscow). In the 1950s, a member of the LITO (Literary Association) of the Mining Institute. Author of the poem “Budapest-56,” which circulated in samizdat. |
| Gorshkov, Dmitry Gavrilovich (b. 1918), painter at a state farm (Samara Oblast). In the autumn of 1956, together with A.F. Gagarin, A.T. Serov, and P.S. Shulpin, he created an underground group that distributed leaflets. Among other things, they wrote (but did not distribute) a leaflet about the events in Hungary. Arrested and sentenced in 1958 to 3 years in the camps. |
| Grabovetskaya, Ya. L. (b. 1918), master at a sewing workshop (Odesa Oblast). In conversations with G.M. Shikhman, she approved of the uprising in Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Gundzhua, Tamaz Tarasovich (b. 1940), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. Later became a doctor. |
| Danilov, Konstantin Grigoryevich (b. 1936), duty agent at a station records office (Kursk). Participated in the activities of an opposition-minded youth circle in Leningrad. Protested against the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 4 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Degtyarev, Georgy Arsenyevich (1913-?), prisoner of the Stalinist camps, accountant (Krasnodar Krai). Condemned the party's policy, including the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1958. In 1959, he was arrested and sentenced to 7 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the term was reduced to 3 years. |
| Yemelyanov, E. Ya. (b. 1929), graphic designer at a library (Moscow). Condemned the actions of the Soviet government in Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Zhidkikh, Nikolai Ivanovich (b. 1931), loader (Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast). Sentenced in 1957 to 7 years in the camps for discussing the events in Hungary. Served his sentence in Vladimir Prison and Dubravlag. In 1962, he was again convicted for distributing leaflets and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Zaslavsky, Igor Dmitrievich (b. 1932), mathematician (St. Petersburg). Participated in the activities of an opposition-minded youth circle in Leningrad. Protested against the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Zlatoverov (Zlotverov, Zlotver), Vladimir Mikhailovich (Moiseevich) (b. 1925), first-year student at VGIK (Moscow). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary in conversations. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 6 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Ivanov, Oleg Ivanovich (b. 1928), worker (Kirov). Arrested in 1957. Along with Yu. S. Agalakov and O.A. Chistyakov, he was accused of systematically listening to foreign radio stations and condemning the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. |
| Kalnynsh (Kalniņš), Vili-Alfred Eduardovich (1914-?). Worker (Cēsis, Latvian SSR). Arrested in 1960 and sentenced to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Kovalenko, Alexey Davydovich (1908-?), head of a housing management office (Karaganda, Kazakhstan). Sent a letter to the regional committee titled “Hands off Hungary! Communism has destroyed the best sons of Russia, tens of millions over its 39 years of rule. In 3 days, 13,200 people, women, children, and elderly, were brutally killed and strangled by communist troops.” Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 10 years in the camps. |
| Kovalsky, Ivan Ivanovich (1921-?), master of fleet repair for the rescue service (Moscow). Said that in Hungary there was not a counter-revolution, but a struggle of the Hungarian people for a better life. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 6 years in a camp and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the sentence was overturned due to lack of evidence. |
| Kovtun, Petr Ivanovich (1909-?), electric welder at a mine (Karaganda Oblast, Kazakhstan). Sent letters in which he expressed outrage at the entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 10 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1960, the sentence was reduced to 5 years. Kozlov, Evgeny Andreevich (1933-1999), graduate of the philosophy faculty of Leningrad University, inspector of a regional trade union council department (Kursk). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1958 and sentenced to 4 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Korzhavin (Mandel), Naum Moiseevich (b. 1925), poet (Moscow). Exiled from Moscow as a “socially dangerous element” in 1948. In 1951-1954, he was in exile in Karaganda. Author of the poem “Ballad of My Own Demise” about the uprising in Hungary. Emigrated to the USA (1974). Kosarev, Vadim Nikolaevich (b. 1940), worker (St. Petersburg). Supported the Hungarian Revolution. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 7 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Vorkutlag and Dubravlag. In 1960, he was released on parole with a two-year probation period. Lives in St. Petersburg. |
| Kostava, Merab Ivanovich (1939-1989), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. In 1976, one of the founders of the Georgian Helsinki Group. Political prisoner (1977-1987). |
| Krasilnikov, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1933-1996), student of the philology faculty at Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). Arrested on November 7, 1956, for shouting slogans during a demonstration, including “Freedom for Hungary!” and “Drown Nasser in the Suez Canal!” Sentenced in 1957 to 4 years in the camps and 2 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. After his release, he graduated from the university and lived in Riga. |
| Krasnov, Arkady Petrovich (b. 1927), graduate student at the physics faculty of Moscow State University (Moscow). Publicly stated that the USSR's interference in the affairs of Hungary was illegal, and that the hands of Soviet soldiers were covered in blood. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 3 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released in 1958. |
| Krasnov, Lazar Shimonovich (1890-?), supply agent (Moscow). Called the events in Hungary a people's revolution, not a counter-revolution. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 3 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1959. |
| Krechetovsky, Stepan Nikolaevich (1903-?), carpenter on a collective farm (Akmola Oblast, Kazakhstan). Prisoner of the Stalinist camps. Condemned the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising. Arrested in 1957, sentenced to 8 years in the camps. In 1957, the sentence was reduced to 5 years. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. Rehabilitated in 1967. |
| Kristol, Ruvim Samuilovich (1912-?), engineer (Leningrad). War veteran. Sent anonymous letters in which, among other things, he condemned Soviet actions in Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1959 to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. |
| Krotenkov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1914-?), foreman at a construction site (Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai). Condemned the USSR's interference in the affairs of Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Kubrin, Nikolai Sergeevich (b. 1929), dredger worker (Azerbaijani SSR). Prisoner of the Stalinist camps. Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1958 to 8 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Kudrova, Irma Viktorovna (b. 1929), philologist (Leningrad). Participated (along with V. Sheynis) in writing the text “The Whole Truth About Hungary.” Summoned for questioning. Lives in St. Petersburg. |
| Kuzin, Anatoly Nikolaevich (b. 1934), designer at a factory (Barnaul). Convicted along with A.V. Tyurin and N.I. Semenov in 1957 for pro-Hungarian leaflets. Served his sentence in Ozerlag. Rehabilitated in 1959. Source: http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/hungary_index.html |
| Kuznetsov, Vladimir Petrovich (1936-2014), student of the philology faculty at Moscow State University (Moscow). Together with his friend A.N. Terekhin, he wrote and distributed a leaflet protesting the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution (1956). Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 3 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1959. |
| Kuzyutchenko, Nikolai Egorovich (b. 1931), assistant master in a spinning workshop (Klin, Moscow Oblast). Together with V.F. Pastushenko, he sent letters to newspaper editors and government bodies, in which they supported the Hungarian rebels. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Kurpa, Ivan Pavlovich (1922-?), boiler room worker (Biysk, Altai Krai). Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1965, the case was closed on rehabilitative grounds. |
| Lazaryants, Vitaly Emmanuilovich (b. 1939), schoolboy (Yaroslavl). At a demonstration, he unfurled a poster demanding the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary (11/7/1956). Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 3 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Latyshev, Anatoly Alexandrovich (b. 1942), 8th-grade student (Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast). Distributed leaflets condemning the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Sentenced in 1957 to 2 years of probation. Lyovin, Yury Leonidovich (1938-2016), mechanic (St. Petersburg); was accused of producing 19 leaflets and 24 anonymous letters in 1955-1956. The leaflet “The Executioners from the Central Committee of the CPSU gave themselves a worthy gift” dealt with the events in Hungary (November 1956). Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 10 years in the camps (along with A.N. Tyurin and N.I. Semenov). Served his sentence in Vorkutlag and Dubravlag. Pardoned in 1964. In 1968, he protested against the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia. Subjected to forced psychiatric hospitalization (1969-1971). Read more about Yu. L. Lyovin on Cogita.ru here. |
| Leontiev, Ivan Alexandrovich (b. 1936), student at a polytechnic institute (Kharkiv). Together with L.V. Tkachenko, they approved of the actions of Hungarian students in 1956. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 8 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Lipko, A. K. (1910-?), carpenter (Dagestan ASSR). Prisoner of the Stalinist camps. Criticized the actions of the Soviet government in Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Luginin, P. P. (b. 1926), kerosene seller (Drohobych Oblast). Approved of the actions of the Hungarian rebels. In 1960, his sentence was reduced. Lukin, V. M. (b. 1930), student at an agricultural institute (Altai Krai). In a letter to his parents, he expressed joy about the uprising in Hungary. Spent over a year under investigation. Acquitted by the court. |
| Lunina, V. E. (1919-?), seamstress at an atelier (Magadan). Condemned the Soviet aggression in Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Lysak, Petr Alekseevich (b. 1918), engineer at an oil administration (Guryev Oblast). Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of Hungary. Arrested in 1956, declared insane, and sent for compulsory treatment (Leningrad Special Psychiatric Hospital). |
| Lyutikov, V. E. (b. 1925), dispatcher at a ship repair plant (Krasnovodsk, Turkmen SSR). Together with A.V. Sigurov, he condemned the USSR's interference in Hungarian affairs. Convicted in 1957. |
| Lyakhovets, Ivan Kupriyanovich (1921-?), student at a mining and oil technical school (Ukhta, Komi ASSR). Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 4 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Mazyuk, Nikolai Iosifovich (1905-?), railway car master (Moscow). War veteran. Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of Hungary. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 4 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Rehabilitated in 1958. |
| Malykhin, Valentin Alekseevich (b. 1933), loader (St. Petersburg). Member of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists.” In 1956, he wrote and distributed pro-Hungarian leaflets. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Pardoned in 1963. |
| Martynov, S. A. (1913-?), journalist for “Sovetskaya Kirgiziya” (Kirghizia). Discussed the events in Hungary with colleagues S.M. Betev and A.N. Tretyakov. Convicted in 1957. Rehabilitated in 1959. |
| Metreveli, Teymuraz Dmitrievich (b. 1939), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. After his release, he became a philologist. |
| Mikadze, Abesalom Antonovich (b. 1939), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. Molostvov, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1934-2002), graduate of the philosophy faculty of Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). Leader of an underground youth circle. Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1958 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1959, the term was reduced to 7 years. Read more about M.M. Molostvov on Cogita.ru |
| Myand, Kharri Maidovich (b. 1928), chief conductor on the railway (Riga, Latvia). Supported the actions of the Hungarian rebels in conversations. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 6 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1959, the sentence was reduced to 3 years. |
| Nevirkovets, Nikolai Mironovich (b. 1936), docker at the port (Odesa). Along with A.E. Vaskovets, discussed methods of struggle against Soviet power with workers (in connection with the events in Hungary) and wrote leaflets. Arrested and convicted in 1957. |
| Nesterov (Alekseev), Mikhail Alekseevich (1910/1911-?), lived abroad from 1934-1950, returned, was convicted of treason, served his sentence in Dubravlag, rehabilitated in 1965. Prisoner (Komi ASSR). In February 1957, he wrote a letter to his brother expressing outrage at the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. In 1958, he was sentenced to 7 years. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. |
| Ovsienko, Alexey Georgievich (b. 1930), teacher (Primorsky Krai). Wrote a letter to an acquaintance in which he supported the Hungarian Revolution. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 6 years in the camps. Released by pardon in 1960. |
| Ovsiannikov, Yury Nikolaevich (1908-?), engineer at an institute (Krasnoyarsk). Prisoner of the Stalinist camps. Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Ormosh, Mária I. (b. 1939), schoolteacher (Berehove Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukrainian SSR). Along with S.-I.I. Ormosh and S.S. Seychi, she posted a leaflet in support of the Hungarian Uprising. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 4 years in the camps. Ormosh, Stefan-Iosif Iosifovich (b. 1936), film projectionist (Berehove Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukrainian SSR). Along with M.I. Ormosh and S.S. Seychi, he posted a leaflet in support of the Hungarian Uprising. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 4 years in the camps and 2 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Panchuk, Fedor Onufrievich (b. 1929), student at the Yaroslavl Technological Institute (Yaroslavl). Participant in the Ukrainian national movement. Expressed support for the Hungarian rebels. A criminal case was initiated, but closed in 1958. |
| Pastushenko, Vasily Fedorovich (b. 1925), factory worker (Klin, Moscow Oblast). Together with N.E. Kuzyutchenko, he sent letters to newspaper editors and government bodies, in which he supported the Hungarian rebels. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 7 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the term was reduced to 3 years. Petrov, Vladislav Borisovich (b. 1934), student at the Pedagogical Institute (St. Petersburg). Member of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists.” In November 1956, circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 3 years in the camps and 2 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1959. |
| Petukhov, Alexey Pavlovich (1919-?), shoemaker (Rubtsovsk, Altai Krai). Condemned the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution. Arrested and sentenced to 7 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. |
| Pivovarnik, S. S. (1925-?), worker at a locomotive depot (Chop, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukrainian SSR). Expressed support for the Hungarian rebels. Arrested in 1957. |
| Pimenov, Revolt Ivanovich (1931-1990), mathematician, historian (St. Petersburg). Leader of a youth circle. Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 6 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Vladimir Prison. In the 1970s, he was a samizdat author and a political prisoner (1970-1974, exile in the Komi ASSR). |
| Pishchansky, Fedor Markovich (1926-?), worker (Zaporizhzhia, Ukrainian SSR). Claimed in conversations that what happened in Hungary was not a counter-revolutionary rebellion, but a workers' uprising. Arrested in 1958 and sentenced to 5 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Pokrovsky, Yury Alekseevich (b. 1933), worker at a mining administration (Karaganda Oblast, Kazakh SSR). Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1961. Potapov, Ivan Stepanovich (b. 1934, according to other sources - 1937), student at Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). Member of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists.” In November 1956, circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 3 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Pustyntsev, Boris Pavlovich (1935-2014), student at the 1st Leningrad Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages. Member of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists.” In November 1956, circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the term was reduced to 3 years. In the 1990s-2000s, he was a public figure. Read more about B.P. Pustyntsev on Cogita.ru |
| Revenkov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1925-?), loader foreman (Novosibirsk). Condemned the actions of the Soviet government in Hungary in conversations. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 7 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1960, the term was reduced to 3 years. |
| Rudakov, Alexey Petrovich (b. 1932), research fellow at the Physical-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Gave an anti-Stalinist and pro-Hungarian speech at a party activists' meeting. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Sapogov, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1911-?), factory worker (Ivanovo Oblast). Said at work that the USSR was an aggressor and was suppressing the uprising of Hungarian workers. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Seychi, Sándor Sándorovich (b. 1939), schoolteacher (Berehove Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukrainian SSR). Together with M.I. and S.-I.I. Ormosh, he posted a leaflet in support of the Hungarian Uprising. Arrested in 1957. Sentenced in 1958 to 3 years and 6 months in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, released on parole with a 2-year probation period. |
| Semenov, Nikolai Ivanovich (b. 1931), designer at a factory. Convicted along with A.V. Tyurin and A.N. Kuzin in 1957 for pro-Hungarian leaflets. Rehabilitated in 1959. Source: http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/hungary_index.html |
| Serov, Alexey Trofimovich (b. 1913), war veteran, road crew worker (Syzran, Samara Oblast). In the autumn of 1956, together with A.F. Gagarin, P.S. Shulpin, and D.G. Gorshkov, he created an underground group that distributed leaflets. Among other things, they wrote (but did not distribute) a leaflet about the events in Hungary. Arrested and sentenced in 1958 to 7 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Sigurov, Alexander Vasilyevich (b. 1925), master at a ship repair plant (Krasnovodsk, Turkmen SSR). Together with V.E. Lyutikov, he condemned the USSR's interference in Hungarian affairs. Sentenced in 1957 to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Sikharulidze, V. V. (b. 1940), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. |
| Skrebkov, B. M. (1914-?), artistic director of a railway club (Mogocha, Chita Oblast). Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of Hungary. Arrested and convicted in 1957. In 1959, his sentence was reduced. |
| Slavov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1921-?), electrician (Guryev, Kazakh SSR). Asserted that a revolution had occurred in Hungary, not a counter-revolutionary rebellion. Sentenced in 1957 to 10 years in the camps. In 1959, his sentence was reduced. |
| Solovyov, Grigory Makarovich (1922-?), lathe operator at a factory (Odesa). Together with M.A. Bogdanov-Arsenyev, he condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 6 years in the camps and 5 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Solomin, N. I. (b. 1926), student, war veteran. Correspondent for the Tajik Telegraph Agency (Dushanbe, Tajik SSR). Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of Hungary. Convicted in 1957. Solokhin, Nikolai Dmitrievich (b. 1930), graduate of the philology faculty of Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). Condemned the suppression of the uprising in Hungary, a member of M. Molostvov's group. Arrested in 1958, sentenced to 8 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1959, the term was reduced to 6 years. |
| Spitsin, A. G. (1920-?), locksmith at a power station (Olovyannaya station, Trans-Baikal Railway). Asserted that the USSR had invaded Hungary. Convicted in 1957. |
| Sternik, Kolmen Alexandrovich (b. 1934), student of the history and philosophy faculty at a university (Kyiv). Was a member of a youth group, condemned the invasion of Hungary by Soviet troops. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Skhirtladze, G. G. (b. 1941), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. Telnikov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1937-1998), student of the physics faculty at Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). Member of the “Union of Communist-Leninists” circle. In November 1956, circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 6 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Vladimir Prison and Dubravlag. Emigrated to Great Britain (1971). |
| Terekhin, Andrey Nikolaevich (1934-c. 1980), student of the philology faculty at Moscow State University (Moscow). Together with V.P. Kuznetsov, he wrote and distributed a leaflet protesting the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution (1956). Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1960. |
| Ter-Khachatryan, Hovhannes Gasparovich (b. 1925), employee of the Yerevan State Library (Yerevan). Made a diary entry: “I am no longer alone. Hungary and all honest people are fighting for me. I am one of the links in the fighting chain.” Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Timan, Arnold Kristapovich (b. 1930), head of the Priedaine Hospital (Latvian SSR). Said that in Hungary, Soviet troops had suppressed a revolution. Arrested in 1959 and sentenced to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1961. |
| Titov, S. I. (b. 1930), prisoner (Krasnoyarsk Krai). Author of a letter (signed “commissar of the revolutionary workers' detachment Sergey Katovsky”) protesting the participation of Russian soldiers in the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising. Convicted in 1957. |
| Tikhonov, Dmitry Ivanovich (1911-?), prisoner (Oryol Oblast). In conversations with other prisoners, he said that the USSR should not have suppressed the uprising in Hungary. Convicted again in 1957. |
| Tkachenko, Leonid Vladimirovich (b. 1929), student at a polytechnic institute (Kharkiv). Together with I.A. Leontiev, they approved of the actions of Hungarian students in 1956. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 8 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the term was reduced to 3 years. |
| Tretyakov, A. N. (1916-?), journalist for “Sovetskaya Kirgiziya” (Kirghizia). Discussed the events in Hungary with colleagues S.M. Betev and S.A. Martynov. Convicted in 1957. Rehabilitated in 1959. Trofimov, Viktor Ivanovich (1934-1994), student at the 1st Leningrad Pedagogical Institute (St. Petersburg). One of the leaders of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists,” author of its program and charter. In November 1956, circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Pardoned in 1963. |
| Tyurin, Arnold Vladimirovich (b. 1929), engineer (Barnaul); convicted along with A.N. Kuzin and N.I. Semenov, the count in the verdict of “slanderous fabrications concerning the military assistance provided by the Soviet Union to the Hungarian people” was attributed specifically to him; political prisoner (1957-1959, Ozerlag). The case was closed by the Supreme Court of the RSFSR for lack of corpus delicti (12/17/1959). Source: http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/hungary_index.html |
| Uspensky, Kirill Vladimirovich (1915-1984), writer (St. Petersburg). Arrested in 1960, accused of anti-Soviet agitation, including criticism of the USSR's actions in Hungary. Sentenced to 5 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Pardoned in 1964. |
| Ustinov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1912-?). Prisoner of the Stalinist camps (1949-1956). Assistant captain of a floating crane (Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast). Promoted the ideas of Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Hegel, and Kant, calling Marxist-Leninist doctrine the “ravings of madmen,” and the dictatorship of the proletariat “violence against the proletariat.” Approved of the actions of the Hungarian rebels. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 10 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Rehabilitated in 1973. |
| Fedulov, Afanasy Makarovich (b. 1925), carpenter (Moscow). Wrote an anonymous letter to the editor of the newspaper “Moskovskaya Pravda.” Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Tsertsvadze, T. G. (b. 1939), schoolboy (Tbilisi). In December 1956, together with other schoolchildren, including Z.K. Gamsakhurdia, he wrote and distributed a leaflet in which they expressed support for the “heroic Hungarian people.” Received a suspended sentence. Khaibulin, Boris Khaidarovich (1937-2015), student at Leningrad University (St. Petersburg). Member of the underground circle “Union of Communist-Leninists.” In November 1956, circle members distributed several leaflets in the corridors of Leningrad University and the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, including one protesting the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 5 years in the camps and 2 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. After his release, he became Hegumen Varsonofy, one of the founders of the Christian Committee for the Defense of Believers' Rights in the USSR (1976). |
| Chistyakov, Oleg Arkadievich (b. 1939), 10th-grade student (Kirov). Along with Yu. S. Agalakov and O.V. Ivanov, he was accused of systematically listening to foreign radio stations and condemning the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Sentenced to 2 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag, released on parole in 1959. |
| Churilin, B. I. (b. 1930), electrician on a minesweeper (Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai). Wrote in a letter to an acquaintance that “communism shot itself in Hungary.” Convicted in 1957. Sheynis, Viktor Leonidovich (b. 1931), political figure, economist, 1953-1956 — history teacher (Leningrad), in 1957-1958 — graduate student at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of the article “The Truth About Hungary” (1956) criticizing the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising. Subjected to persecution: expelled from the Komsomol and graduate school (1958). Worked as a boring machine operator at the Kirov Plant (Leningrad). Returned to scientific activity only in 1964. In 1990, he was elected a people's deputy of the RSFSR. In 1993-1994 — deputy chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals under the President of Russia. Deputy of the State Duma (1993-1995, 1995-1999). One of the founders of the Yabloko party. Lives in Moscow (source: http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/hungary_index.html) |
| Shikhman, Gersh Moshkovich (b. 1914), head of a sewing workshop (Odesa). Together with Ya.L. Grabovetskaya, he discussed and approved of the uprising in Hungary in conversations. Arrested and convicted in 1957 to 6 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. In 1960, the case was closed. |
| Shulpin, Prokofy Samsonovich (1921-?), warehouse keeper (Syzran, Samara Oblast). In the autumn of 1956, together with A.F. Gagarin, A.T. Serov, and D.G. Gorshkov, he created an underground group that distributed leaflets. Among other things, they wrote (but did not distribute) a leaflet about the events in Hungary. Arrested and sentenced in 1958 to 8 years in the camps and 3 years of deprivation of rights. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. In 1964, the term was reduced to 6 years. Schulz, Fyodor Fyodorovich (1900-?), party official (Saratov); in 1930, the Saratov party organization was in opposition to Stalin; a prisoner of the Stalinist camps (early 1930s-mid-1950s), rehabilitated (1956), pensioner of All-Union significance; sent a series of letters criticizing the party's internal and foreign policy, including in connection with the Hungarian events. Political prisoner (1956-1958, Leningrad Special Psychiatric Hospital). Rehabilitated in 1964. |
| Shuisky (Shumsky?) Roman Ivanovich (1924-?), communications lineman at a mine (Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai). Arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. In 1960, the sentence was reduced to 5 years. Served his sentence in Ozerlag and Dubravlag. |
| Eleftheriou, Dimitrios Damianos (b. 1924), political émigré from Greece (Chirchik, Tashkent Oblast, Uzbek SSR). Condemned the USSR's interference in the internal affairs of other countries, including Hungary. Arrested in 1962 and sentenced to 3 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. |
| Yudin, Erik Grigoryevich (1930-1976), lecturer at a pedagogical institute (Tomsk). Arrested in 1957 for criticizing Soviet actions in Hungary. Sentenced to 10 years in the camps. In 1960, released on parole. Returned to Moscow. One of the leaders of the Moscow Methodological Circle. |
| Yakunin, Leonid Alexandrovich (b. 1924), worker at a motor pool (Krasnyi Luch, Luhansk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR). Criticized the internal and foreign policy of the USSR, including concerning Hungary. Arrested in 1956. Sentenced in 1957 to 6 years in the camps. Served his sentence in Dubravlag. Released on parole in 1961. |
Author: Alexey Makarov
Participants: Archive of the History of Dissent in the USSR of the International Memorial, Moscow; Erich Lessing, photo; House of Terror Museum, Budapest, copy.
